During pregnancy, it is imperative to meet all the needs of vitamins and minerals. If pregnant women lack the nutrients and vitamins can cause problems in the health of the mother and the fetus she is carrying. What are the consequences?

Increase of specific nutritional needs in pregnant women makes a risk of defiensi on some vitamins and minerals, so that pregnant women need to maintain a healthy and balanced diet.

• Folic Acid
  Fulfillment of folic acid in pregnant women who either are in the beginning since at least one or three months before pregnancy and continued during pregnancy.The function of folic acid or vitamin B9 is a substance that supports maternal red blood cell formation, increased metabolic needs, prevent megaloblastic anemia, the production of RNA and DNA nucleus of cells, preventing the occurrence of congenital defects. Folic acid needs during pregnancy increased from 400 mg per day to 600 mg per day. If there is a deficiency of folic acid during pregnancy is at risk of preterm birth, neural tube defects (neural tube defect).
• Vitamin A
  Pregnant women has a risk of vitamin A deficiency, especially during the last trimester when demand for the fetus and the pregnant women themselves increases. The function of vitamin A to pregnant women is for the eyes, the growth of bones and teeth, to prevent congenital abnormalities. Requirement of vitamin A in pregnant women 200 iu / day. Intake of vitamin A which are less during pregnancy can affect vision capabilities as well as fetal lung development.

• Iron
  Iron or Fe (sulfas ferosus) is very important in pregnancy. This relates to the blood thinning process that occurs during pregnancy. Function of iron is to the formation of red blood cells, optimizing the fulfillment of Fe as a material forming red blood cells, a reserve of iron for the fetus, to optimize muscle function. Due to iron deficiency is Fe or miscarriage, fetal death in utero, congenital defects. The need for additional Fe is 2 mg / day.
• Calcium and Vitamin D
  Calcium and vitamin D needs to be increased during pregnancy to support the growth and development of bones and teeth baby. If the intake of calcium and vitamin D insufficient, then the baby will take it from the mother’s bones. This increases the risk of osteoporosis in women and respiratory infections in infants.

• Vitamin B12
  Vitamin B12 is required the body to form the DNA, RNA, lipids and some hormones and proteins that play an important role to form red blood cells and keep nerves from working properly. During pregnancy the body reserves of vitamin B12 which makes up the possibility of risk of deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause complications in pregnancy.
• Vitamin C                                                                                                                                                                                                        Vitamin C is in need of the body to increase body resistance against infections, prevent gum disease, help the formation of body tissues. The use of vitamin C in the first trimester should not be excessive because it would result in disability. Additional requirement of vitamin C is 20 mg / day. Every day we should consume a menu that contains vitamin C, especially in the fruit – fresh fruits.
• Zinc                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Its function is to prevent babies born prematurely, preventing congenital abnormalities, so that normal brain development, prevent disruption fetal organ growth, so that normal brain development, immunity to the fetus, fetal growth process. Due to lack of zinc occurs in fetal growth retardation. Requirement of zinc in pregnant women 15 mg / day.
• Iodine                                                                                                                                                                                                               Benefits of iodine is to optimize fetal growth, preventing thyroid disease, congenital defects and meet the increased metabolic needs. Iodine deficiency due to miscarriage, premature birth, impaired growth and mental defects in infants. Needs iodine in pregnant women was 200 mcg / day.

Vitamin A serves, among others, maintain moisture and clarity of the mucous membrane, allowing the eye can see well in low light conditions (late afternoon or early evening), as well as on post-partum mothers will improve the quality of vitamin A in breast milk, so that the baby will get enough vitamin A from breast milk. Vitamin A can be obtained in fish liver oils, egg yolks, butter, cream and margarine are fortified with vitamin A. While the provitamin A can be obtained from green leafy vegetables and fruits are dark yellow or red as well as coconut oil.

As a result of vitamin A deficiency is a variety of other poor growth, impaired the ability of the eye receive light, abnormalities of the eye such as xerosis and xerophthalmia, as well as increased susceptibility to infectious disease. Even in children who experienced severe vitamin A deficiency increases the mortality rate to 50%.

Vitamin A deficiency occurs mainly due to lack of vitamin A intake from food daily. In children who experienced lack of energy and protein, vitamin A deficiency occur in addition due to lack of intake of vitamin A itself as well as storage and transport of vitamin A in the body is disrupted.

Age group particularly vulnerable to vitamin A deficiency is a group of infants aged 6-11 months and children under five age group 12-59 months (1-5 years). . While that is more risk of suffering from vitamin A deficiency is a low birth weight infants of less than 2.5 kg, children who are exclusively breastfed and not breastfed until the age of 2 years, children who do not receive adequate complementary feeding, both quality and quantity , children who suffer from infectious diseases (measles, diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia) and intestinal worms.

To meet the 1% requirement, the body takes it from the food you eat or from the bone. If the food you eat can not meet the requirements, then the body will take it from the bones. So the bone can be said as the body’s calcium reserves. If this happens in a long time, then the bone will experience bone loss.

What are the sources of calcium? Sources of calcium in the diet of milk, meat, eggs, spinach, broccoli, beans, from the food is only + 40% met calcium requirements.

sources of calcium

Calcium has several functions, among others :

• Formation of bones and teeth
• Maintain the normal structure of cells
• Submission of nerve messages                                                                                                                                                                         Calcium plays a very important for the release of neurotransmitters and is in need for activation and relaxation of the message to the brain. When the body lacks calcium, the release of nerve messages are blocked and the activation or relaxation mechanism also be damaged. As a result is less a deep sleep, symptoms of insomnia, hyperactivity, dementia.
• Contraction of heart muscle                                                                                                                                                                        When the heart shrinks and expands, the calcium ions regulate the rhythm, the mineral calcium into heart muscle cells, and will activate the protein, which causing movement of the heart muscle and makes the muscles expand continuously and keeps us alive. Lack of calcium will weaken the heart and cause a variety of cardiovascular diseases.
• Calcium helps the sperm into the egg cell membrane                                                                                                                      When sperm reach the ovum, then fertilization will occur. His next of calcium also acts to create a vibration that stimulates the ovum to be capable of conception (fertilization).
• Pregnant women require double calcium needs, infant or child who have calcium deficiency will be stunted, weak immune system can even hamper his intelligence. Pregnant and lactating women need calcium because so much calcium is taken from his body for the baby.

Diseases caused by calcium deficiency
Calcium deficiency can cause various types of diseases. Some diseases that may arise include: muscle pain bone, bone loss / osteoporosis, decreased immunity, decreased memory, disturbances in heart.
Due to lack of calcium can cause some diseases, and therefore begin to consume calcium to keep your body from disease. You can get calcium is not only from milk, green vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, collards dams, dried anchovy dried shrimp, tofu bean-kancangan, salmon, sardines are foods that contain calcium which is useful for your body.

Vitamin E plays an important role in keeping the body from free radicals and may prevent premature aging, because the ability of vitamin E as an antioxidant that can protect damage to body cells by free radicals. Because these vitamins are included in the types of vitamins are fat-soluble, vitamin E is able to penetrate the layers of the cell membrane and enter the cell. Thus vitamin E can prevent fat oxidation processes and plays an important role in protecting the fatty tissue layer that lining the walls of the cells and the major organs in the body.

Vitamin E may also protect DNA damage to skin cells which can prevent the occurrence of skin cancer, enhance the regeneration of skin cells, and can prevent damage to collagen and elastin fibers that trigger the occurrence of wrinkles. Another benefit of this vitamin for the skin is can be used to treat acne, inflammation and scar tissue formation, and accelerate the wound healing process. Because so much the ability of vitamin E for the skin, the vitamin is indeed good if consumed regularly. If we consume it regularly or rub it directly on the skin, this vitamin can increase the ‘natural sun protector’ of the skin.

From anywhere we can get the intake of vitamin E for the body?

Intake of vitamin E from food that we eat. Here are some foods that contain a lot of vitamin E :

• Soya                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Soya contains isoflavones that can reduce wrinkles on the skin and face. Not only makes the skin firmer, isoflavones also reduce the risk of cancer.

• Eggs
  Eggs contain lutein and zeaxanthin that may provide protection against ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet light alone have an impact on the appearance of fine lines, dark spots until skin cancer.
• Spinach
  These vegetables contain vitamins that are good for the skin specifically  vitamin E and vitamin C. Besides it spinach also contains lutein and zeaxanthin.
• Tomatoes
  Tomatoes contain lycopene which may lower the risk of sunburn and also reduce the risk of skin cancer. Many ways to be consumed tomato with a delicious taste, among others use tomatoes in the juice and the vegetables.
• Dark chocolate
  Chocolate contains endorphin hormone which can make people feel releks and good for skin health. According to research chocolate can relieve redness skin due to sun exposure and reduce the risk of cancer.
• Broccoli
  Broccoli is known contain high antioxidant, so it can be the intake of vitamin E.

If you can’t eat foods that rich in vitamin E regularly, you can take supplements of vitamin E that can meet your daily vitamin E needs. To gain the maximum benefit, make sure you (aged 14 years and above) get the intake of 15 mg or 22.5 IU per day. But also make sure that the intake of vitamin E you have no more than 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) per day. This is to prevent poisoning.

Extrinsic processes due to environmental factors, such as exposure to sunlight, the same movement faces repeatedly, sleeping position, and smoking.

The same movement faces repeatedly will result in the formation of lines and fine wrinkles on the face, smoking can also accelerate the onset of wrinkles on the skin of the face due to disruption of blood supply around the lips and repeated exposure to heat tobacco.

Lines and fine wrinkles on the face

Most premature aging is caused by exposure to sunlight, the symptoms include spots hyperpigmentation, fine wrinkles, slack skin, acne, skin cancer. Healthy lifestyle is an important factor for maintaining healthy skin.

How efforts to solve it?

• To prevent hyperpigmentation due to sun exposure, you should avoid exposure to direct sunlight at 10 am to 2 pm, where sun exposure is in a state of maximum, use a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15. Sunscreen should be applied to all parts of the body which not covered by clothing, 20 minutes before outdoor activities and repeat usage if the skin is sweaty or wet by the water.
• If the skin is already damaged by exposure to sunlight, a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 can still be used as a skin protector.
• Stop smoking to avoid the emergence of “smoker’s face” the wrinkles on the skin
• Using a mild soap or soap substitute special products, to reduce the dryness of the skin.

Living a healthy lifestyle, reducing alcohol consumption, exercise, adequate sleep / rest, consumption fruits and vegetables, drink plenty of water (8 glasses per day), controlling stress.

Acupuncture is a type of treatment that uses needles which inserted into the human body in certain places under the skin or into the muscles, in order to achieve balance settings Xue Qi (energy and blood). Thus the results of treatment and care can be optimal, so that will restore health and fitness, and in particular is very good for treating pain.

Acupuncture

General treatment which usually included with acupuncture are :

• Various complaints of pain (headache, stomach pain, low back pain, muscle aches / bone, buttock pain)
• Functional abnormalities motion tools and the nervous system organs (paralysis, rheumatism, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, hemorrhoids, difficulty sleeping / insomnia, allergies).

Benefits of Acupuncture
Is acupuncture really effective? This is still a matter of scientific research. Judging from the clinical trials of existing drugs according to protocols based on evidence, some scientists have found efficacy for headache, lower back pain and nausea, but mostly condition ended with insufficient evidence to determine whether acupuncture is really effective. There were general agreement that acupuncture was safety when performed by a trained practitioner, and that further research about acupuncture was required.

The complications from the common cold are :

• Middle ear infection (otitis media), more often in children when the infection spreads up the nasal passage to the middle ear
• Sinusitis, infection spreads up to the sinuses
• Pneumonia, infection travels down the airways to the lungs

People are at greater risk of developing a more severe cold if their immune system is low, if they are malnourished, tired and run down, elderly, very young, emotionally upset, immunosuppressed that is patients undergoing radiotherapy.

What is a cough ? Cough is an important physiologic mechanism that defends against respiratory pathogens and helps to clear the tracheobronchial of mucus, foreign particles, and noxious aerosols. Cough start with  a deep inspiration followed by closure of the glottis and forceful contraction of the cest wall, abdominal wall, and diaphragmatic muscles against the closed glottis. When the glottis open, high expiratory velocities mucus, celluler debris and foreign materials. Cough can be voluntary or involuntary. Involuntary cough is stimulated by vagal afferent receptors in the trachea.

Tipes of cough are Productive and Non-productive.

• Productive cough secrets may be clear (examples : bronchitis), purulent (bacterial infections), yellow/discolored (inflammatory), malodorous (anaerobic bacterial infections).
• Non Productive cough caused by Viral RTI, Atypical bacterial infections, GERD, Cardiac disease, Some drugs.

Complications can be bronchospasm, syncope, rib fracture, urinary incontinence, acute cough. Other causes of acute cough: aspiration, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema.

Therapy for cough

• Non-pharmacologic with  vaporizer, humidifier, water
• Pharmacologic therapy with Antitussives (Codein, Dextromethorphan Dypenhydramine),  Expectorant (Guafenesin, Glyceril guaiacolat).

• Sympathomimetics

Sympathetic Decongestants used for their alpha effects which cause vasoconstriction in sinus passages. For the examples Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine), Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, Actifed), Oxymetazoline (Afrin), Tetrahydrozoline (Tyzine, Visine).

Decongestants are included among many over-the-counter cold preparations. It reduces congestion or swelling of the nasal passages, hence eases breathing. Available in oral and topical form.

• Antihistamines

Antihistamine Agents block  the Histamine (H1) Receptors found in nerves, smooth muscle, glandular cells. Histamine reactions cause redness of tissue, welt & wheal formation, swelling, increased mucus production and bronchospasm. Antihistamine agents work mainly in the upper airway only. Antihistamine may help relieve symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and water eyes that are commonly associated with colds. The antihistamine may reduce mucus secretion and help the cold sufferer rest.

Effects of Antihistamines generally referred to as “drying agents”, decrease volume of secretions, decrease localized inflammation, has limited effect in the lower airway, has some sedative effect as well, antihistamines can be used as sleep-inducing agents.

Uses of Antihistamines to decreases symptoms of common cold, treatment of seasonal allergic  rhinitis, decreases allergic reactions to insect bites & low level allergies, used to prevent or treat motion sickness.

• Expectorants

Expectorants used to facilitate removal of mucus from the lower respiratory tract. Two types of expectorants are mucolytic expectorants (to break down mucus), stimulant expectorants (toincrease the overall volume of mucus produced thereby enhancing clearance).

Examples of Expectorants are :

1. Iodides, to stimulate production of lower viscosity mucus, may also be a mucolytic
2. SSKI  (super-saturated potassium iodide)
3. Guaifenesin (glyceral guaiacolate), reduces mucus adhesion and surface tension

• Antitussives

Antitussives commonly called “cough suppressants”. Act by suppression of CNS effects in the brain (medulla) or act locally within the airway to decrease irritation stimulus.

CNS Cough Suppressants are narcotic agents for examples Codeine agents, Hydrocodone (synthetic codeine) and non-narcotic agents like Dextromethorphan (example : Vicks Formula 44; CODE), Diphenhydramine.

Issues in Antitussive use only should be used with a “dry hacking” cough, dangerous to inhibit a cough when secretions are present.

Components of vaccine consist of :

1. Infection agents
2. Adjuvant
3. Other additives (preservative: thimerosal, antibiotics, buffer, suspending agent)

Goal of vaccination are make memory T helper cells, memory killer cells, and memory B cells.

So, how do vaccines work?

A vaccine simulates an infectious agent attack, so the body develops an immunological memory and can defend the body against dangerous exposure to the virulent agent. Vaccines are still given for three reasons : prevent infections that are common in other parts of the world, prevent common infections and prevent infections that could easily reemerge.

mecanism of vaccine work

Important diseases to be controlled by vaccine are infectious diseases like pneumonia, infant meningitis, diarrhoeal, malaria, tuberculosis, viral, AIDS and cancer (gastric cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocarcinoma).

Classification of vaccine are :

• Live attenuated vaccine: Polio, BCG, MMR
• Killed vaccine: DPT
• Sub-unit vaccine: Hib, HepB

Example of vaccine combination are :

1. DPT/ DaPT (Diphteria, Pertussis, Tetanus)
2. MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella)
3. DPT-Hib (DPT- Hemophillus influenzae b)
4. DPT-HepB (DPT- Hepatitis B)
5. DPT-IPV (DPT- Inactivated Polio Virus)

Immunization is process of inducing or providing immunity artificially. Immunity divide to :

• Natural acquired immunity, immunity acquired when someone recover from illness
• Artificial acquired immunity, immunity acquired after someone had been immunized
• Herd or community immunity, conditional immunity of community when a critical number of people within community get vaccination

So, who have to receive immunization ? Baby, young children, adolescence, and elderly people .

• Hindari mewarnai, meluruskan, dan mengkriting rambut Anda atau penataan rambut yang terus-menerus dan berkelanjutan. Ada materi zat kimia yang membuat rambut rapuh.
• Biarkan rambut kering secara alamiah, tanpa pengering. Terlalu sering menggunakan pengering rambut dapat menyebabkan rambut rapuh. Usahakan tidak menyisir rambut saat masih basah.
• Jika rambut tipis sebaiknya rambut dipotong. Rambut pendek dapat membuatnya tampak lebih tebal. Beberapa pria mencukur sekalian agar mundurnya garis rambut tak terlihat.
• Usahakan tidak menggunakan topi terus menerus kecuali perlu mengenakan helm pengaman di tempat kerja.
• Diet yang keras dapat berkontribusi dalam kerontokan rambut, sehingga dalam diet Anda pastikan tetap banyak mengkonsumsi protein dan zat besi.
• Protein penting untuk pembentukan dan perbaikan jaringan tubuh, termasuk rambut. Pastikan bahwa seperenam total pemasukan kalori dan makanan seperti daging, ikan, keju, dan kacang. Zat besi juga menyehatkan rambut, banyak mengkonsumsi sereal, kacang polong, ikan, unggas, daging, dan sayuran hijau baik untuk kesehatan rambut.
• Jika Anda di tahap awal kerontokan rambut akibat keturunan, Anda dapat mencoba larutan yang mengandung minoxidil yang dapat mengembalikan kesuburan rambut. Larutan minoxidil dapat memperlambat atau mencegah kerontokan rambut secara permanen untuk lelaki dan wanita. Pengobatan ini diberikan dua kali sehari dan perlu terus menerus karena efeknya berkurang setelah dihentikan. Sebaiknya disertai konsultasi dokter dalam penggunaannya.
• Segera hubungi dokter jika kerontokan rambut hebat atau di satu bagian dalam minggu-minggu terakhir dan kerontokan rambut akibat obat atau penyakit.